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Obesity is a major health problem that contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. The current pharmacological therapies for obesity are limited and may have significant side effects. Leptin therapy was shown to effectively cause weight loss in obese rats, however its effectiveness in humans is still under investigation. Obese humans have...
Leptin is a hormone secreted mainly by the adipose cells with a primary role in the regulation of body weight by establishing a feedback loop between the energy reserves and the hypothalamic centers that control food intake. Recent data suggest that, in addition, leptin interacts with other endocrine systems to provide critical information about the size of the fat stores, acting as a permissive factor...
Leptin (LEP), the product of the ob gene is an adipose-tissue secreted hormone that acts to decrease caloric intake and increase energy expenditure. Some observations suggest the mutual relationship between leptin and blood ACTH levels. In the rat acute LEP administration enhances blood ACTH levels while prolonged treatment lowers blood corticotropin concentrations. Since the pituitary-derived ACTH...
Leptin is a 16 kDa protein that exerts important effects on the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure by interacting with the leptin receptor in the brain and in many other tissues. Although leptin is produced mainly by white adipose tissue, several laboratories have shown low levels of leptin production by a growing number of tissues including the anterior pituitary gland. Many studies...
In 1994, Zhang et al. of Rockefeller University in New York reported the first successful complementary DNA (cDNA) cloning of leptin by the positional cloning method. Leptin was identified as the gene of ob/ob mouse in genetic obesity syndromes. It has very strong food intake control, and body weight and energy expenditure. The name “leptin” derived from the Greek word leptos, meaning “thin.” We hereby...
Regulation of adrenal corticosteroid secretion by leptin may involve interactions at multiple levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. To investigate the possible direct effects of leptin on corticosteroid secretion of human adrenocortical adenomas, cells from adrenocortical adenomas causing primary aldosteronism (n = 1) and Cushing's syndrome (n = 1), as well as cells from nonhyperfunctioning...
A growing number of physiological and pathophysiological processes have been shown to be influenced by leptin apart from its first recognised role as a modulator of hypothalamic appetite and weight control centers. We investigated the presence and pattern of distribution of leptin mRNA and the mRNA of the long isoform of the leptin receptor in the normal pituitary and in different types of pituitary...
Over the last few years, many studies have focused on leptin, the product of the LEP (ob) gene, searching for a possible link between energy balance and reproduction. The involvement of this peptide in the regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal, gonadal, thyroid and somatotroph axes suggests that leptin might play a pivotal role in coordinating the activity of these axes and their relationship...
The discovery of the adipocyte-produced hormone leptin has changed the field of obesity research and our understanding of energy homeostasis. It is now accepted that leptin is the afferent loop informing the hypothalamus about the states of fat stores, with hypothalamic efferents regulating appetite and energy expenditure. I addition, leptin has a role as a metabolic adaptator in overweight and fasting...
Leptin is an adipocyte-derived protein hormone which not only conveys a signal of the amount of energy stores to the central nervous system but also plays an important role in regulating neuroendocrine function. The importance of leptin in the reproductive system has been suggested by the reproductive dysfunction associated with leptin deficiency and resistance in both animal models and humans as...
We have previously reported evidence of leptin gene expression (ob mRNA) in adult rat brain and pituitary gland. We have also shown that ob mRNA levels in female rat brain and pituitary are regulated in an age- and tissue-dependent fashion. In view of the known sexual dimorphism in adipose tissue leptin expression, we have extended our original work to include an assessment of ob mRNA levels in brain,...
Leptin, the product of the obesity gene, is a cytokine-like circulating protein acting as a peripheral satiety signal to the hypothalamus. It was initially described as a secreted product of white adipose cells, but more recent data have demonstrated its expression by endocrine and neuroendocrine tissues like the ovary and the hypothalamus, as well as several anterior pituitary cell types. The effects...
Although leptin was originally viewed as an antiobesity hormone, it is now evident that it may have more pleiotropic actions. Experiments in rodents have shown that leptin activates the sympathetic nervous system, is involved in regulation of blood pressure, hematopoiesis, immune function, angiogenesis and brain, bone and pituitary development. Some biological effects expected based on observations...
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